Report on customer preference Essay

History of company Nascafe The beginnings of Nescafe can be traced all the way back to 1930, when the Brazilian government, first approached Nestlà ©. The agency, Brazilian Coffee Institute seeks Nestle to preserve the huge coffee surpluses, by develop coffee that was soluble in hot water. Coffee guru, Max Mergenthaler, and his team set out immediately to find a way of producing a quality cup of coffee that could be made simply by adding water, yet would retain the coffee’s natural flavor. After seven long years of research in Nestle Swiss laboratories, they found the answer. The new product was named Nescafe – a combination of Nestlà © and cafà ©. Nestle introduced Nescafe, the first commercially successful soluble coffee, in Switzerland, on April 1st, 1938. The company applied the technology at its Hayes factory, west London. Instant coffee processing was not a new idea; it was invented by a Japanese chemist in 1901 and had been marketed and sold by other companies without success. Nestle revolutionized the way instant coffee was made. Nestle developed a new process for dehydrating the concentrated coffee which vastly improved the quality. In entailed spraying a fine mist of the solution into a heated tower where the droplets turned to powder almost instantly. For the first half of the next decade, however, World War II hindered its success in Europe. Nescafe was soon exported to France, Great Britain and the USA. Its popularity grew rapidly through the rest of the decade. It was so popular that the entire production of its US plant was reserved for military use. By the 1950s, coffee had become the beverage of choice for teenagers, who were flocking to coffeehouses to hear the new rock ’n’ roll music. Over the years the company has kept the emphasis on innovation, introducing pure soluble coffee (1952) solely using roast coffee beans, freeze dried soluble coffee (1965) and coffee granules (1967). In 1994 Nestle invented the full aroma process, which improved the quality of instant coffee. Such innovations have made sure that Nescafe has remained the world’s leading coffee. It is also the third most valuable brand in the entire drinks sector. MISSION STATEMENT: To bring Nescafe to people around the globe, providing a Nescafe to satisfy every aspect of needs. Nescafe provides good test, aromatic smells of coffee to people, providing â€Å"1 Nescafe with 1 unique moment† so that everyone can enjoy. Wherever you are, you will be able to find Nescafe around, whether in shopping complexes, supermarkets/hypermarkets or even grocery stalls. GOALS/ ACHIEVEMENTS: Giving people the unique moments (comfort, relaxations) through Nescafe. Stress, pressures, working overtime has led the people to have at least a cup of Nescafe coffee to relax them, having chit-chat with friends/colleagues as well, to prevent from emotional influences. BRU Some moments in life are special and close to heart. Bru makes these moments with loved ones even more magical†¦ It is India’s largest coffee brand that offers a range of coffee products. Its rich aroma and unique blend makes every moment come alive. Ever since its inception, Bru has been on a constant Endeavour to bring better products and formats to the consumer with every passing year. With the launch of Cappuccino in 2007, Bru pioneered the launch of instant coffee premixes in India for the youth. Then in 2010, a premium filter coffee with a blend of 85% coffee and 15% chicory was introduced under the brand name BRU Select. In 2011, BRU Lite, a light-tasting coffee with classic Mocha flavor, was launched for people who avoid coffee because of its bitter taste. In the same year BRU Exotica was launched which is premium freeze dried coffee sourced from some of the world’s best coffee-producing regions like Colombia, Brazil and Kilimanjaro. With BRU Exotica, Bru brought in ‘the world’s finest coffee experience’ for the discerning Indian consumer. Later, in the same year, BRU Gold – a 100% pure granulated coffee with an uplifting aroma and superior taste – was launched. Bru’s specially selected and freshly roasted coffee beans offer a great cup of aromatic coffee to the consumers, which makes their moments of genuine warmth and happiness even more special. Bru also has opened cafes in Mumbai under the name BRU World Cafe with world coffee experiences to be enjoyed out of home. KEY FACTS Number 1 Coffee brand in India Unilever’s only Coffee brand Enjoys a rich heritage, came into existence in 1962 under the brand name Deluxe Green Label Consistently offering better and newer products to the consumer through improved packaging solutions and innovative product formats Enjoys a strong presence at various out of home locations MISSION To earn the loyalty of customers and grew the business by developing and marketing coffee products that are leaders in quality and customer enthusiasm. VISION We envision Bru to become the coffee supplier of excellence to its customers throughout the region, by consistently delivering exciting products, sensation and experiences to an increasing number of admirers SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY SCOPE: Generally scope can be considered among two parts: 1) Regional Scope 2) Functional Scope Here our regional scope is limited up to Gandhinagar (Sector 23) OBJECTIVES: There are mainly two types of objectives: 1) Primary Objective :- To analyze the customers preference with respect to (Nescafe and Bru coffee) 2) Secondary Objectives :- To know customers suggestions and recommendation about (Nescafe and Bru coffee) To Study the Consumer Perception about the taste and availability of product. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION OF RESEARCH: Research is done to gain some knowledge so it may aid in understanding the information gathered on specific topic. It is a scientific and systematic way of understanding information on specific and particular subjects. It is a scientific investigation to understand the cause and effect as well as the reasons through investigation. It is an academic activity. Research is a process in which the researcher wishes to find out the result for a given problem and thus the solution helps in future course of action. SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION PRIMARY DATA SOURCE: The primary data means the data gathering for first time for the problem solution directly from the sample or population as per the requirement. Interviews Questionnaires Observation SECONDARY DATA SOURCE: The secondary data consists of information that has been already exists somewhere and has been collected for some specific purpose. Books Website Journal Annual Report For this research, we used Primary data (Questionnaires) as well as secondary data (Books, Website) RESEARCH DESIGN RESEARCH INSTRUMENT: Questionnaire- Face –to –face Close ended Open ended SAMPLE SIZE: Sample Size is taken 50 out of which 8 questionnaires had been rejected due to different choice of respondent as per our research. DATA ANALYSIS Q1. What do you prefer? Particular Respondents Coffee 18 Tea 8 Both 24 TOTAL 50 Q2. How many times in a day would you prefer it? Particular Respondents One time 20 2 times 16 More than 2 times 6 TOTAL 42 INTERPRETATION = Major of the sample size use to have coffee one time in a day. Q3.How many members of your family prefer to have coffee? Particular Respondents 1 10 2 3 3 20 All 9 TOTAL 42 INTERPRETATION = From the example size we find that 50% of the family members using coffee. Q4. Which coffee brand do you prefer? Particular Respondents Nescafe 35 Bru 5 Other 2 TOTAL 42 INTERPRETATION = Majority of choice about coffee is given to Nescafe. Q5. From where did u see our product? Particular Respondents Advertisement 12 Own experience 22 Reference 18 TOTAL 42 INTERPRETATION = Majority of people are choice Nescafe from their own experience. Q6.Are you satisfied with your product and advertisement? Particular Respondents Yes 35 No 7 TOTAL 42 INTERPRETATION = 75% people of our survey are satisfied with the product and its advertisement. Particular Respondents Yes 30 No 12 TOTAL 42 Q7.Where you influenced by the brand ambassador of our product and started drinking it? Q8. How frequently do you buy it? Particular Respondents Every week 17 15 days 20 1 month 5 TOTAL 42 INTERPRETATION = The area which we have survey we found that 20 out of 50 are buying coffee in 15 days. Particular Respondents At home 20 In cafà © 10 Roadside 12 TOTAL 42 Q9.Where do you prefer drinking it? INTERPRETATION = Most of the people are prefer to drink coffee at home. Particular Respondents Caffeinated 6 De- Caffeinated 36 TOTAL 42 Q10. Which one does u prefer? INTERPRETATION = Most of to people love to drink de-caffeinated coffee. NESCAFEE BRU HS S DS NEU HS S DS NEU price 5 20 17 8 2 2 1 1 taste 5 10 7 3 1 2 1 1 quality 10 13 10 6 3 2 3 2 quantity 15 1 8 7 3 3 1 1 healthiness 10 1 10 9 1 1 2 2 Q11. Why do u prefer specific brand, rank it on the following basis: INTERPRETATION = The reason to chose Nescafe is on following basis Price – customers are satisfied with the price of product Taste – Customers like much better test of Nescafe then Bru any other brand. Qualities – Customers are satisfied with the quality of Nescafe and they are neutral at quality. Healthiness – Preference to healthiness is satisfying to the customer. RESEARCH FINDINGS On the basis of that research we find that in case of coffee people are much influenced by taste rather than Advertisements and other things. If the Buying decision of consumer is rated – 1st preference will go to Taste, 2nd will go to Availability, 3rd preference will go to schemes, 4th preference will go to likeness, and 5th preferences will go to Advertisement. LIMITATIONS OF REPORT We put our whole heart on this project. But still are certain limitations while doing the research work. Some of the limitations are as follows. As we did our project in limited area of our residents, so it becomes difficult to conduct survey. We take only 50 respondents it is too small for find out the consumer perception. There might have been tendencies among the respondents to amplifying or filter their responses under the testing. In some cases, the respondent was not giving us the proper reply. He/she might think that this is only wastage of time or this might create some problem etc. And as a result he/she has given some fake answers and fills the questionnaire very casually. CONCLUSION Coffee is a major export commodity in developing country like India liberalization of coffee market has given rise to competition and to survive in this competitive market newer and newer strategies are need to be formed to take the advantage of opportunities arising in this market. In Indian market there is a huge sector who using the Nescafe compare to Bru and other. On the basis of price, taste, quality, quantity, healthiness. BIBLIOGRAPHY INTERNET: www.nescafe.com www.brucoffee.com www.google.com www.wikipidia.com BOOKS: Magazines Research Methodology by C.R Kothari QUESTIONNAIRE Respected Sir/Madam We are MBA student of SKPIMCS. As of the course of our curriculum, we are doing the market research. Therefore, I need your valuable view for the question given below. I will be highly grateful to you. Q1. What do you prefer? Coffee Tea Both Q2. How many times in a day would you prefer it? One time 2 times More than 2 times Q3.How many members of your family prefer to have coffee? 1 2 3 All Q4. Which coffee brand do you prefer? Nescafe Bru Others Q5. From where did u see our product? Advertisement Own experience Reference Q6.Are you satisfied with your product and advertisement? Yes No Q7.Where you influenced by the brand ambassador of our product and started drinking it? Yes No Q8. How frequently do you buy it? Every week 15 days 1 month Q9.Where do you prefer drinking it? At home In cafà © Roadside Q10. Which one does u prefer? Caffeinated De-caffeinated Q11. Why do u prefer specific brand, rank it on the following basis: Nescafe Bru Others HS S D.S Neutral H.S. S D.S Neutral H.S. S D.S Neutral Price Taste Quality Quantity Healthiness

Health Care Associated Infections Essay

Did you know that healthcare associated infections are in the top ten leading causes of death in the United States? According to Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2010), â€Å"Healthcare-associated infections, also known as HAI’s are the most common complication of hospital care, resulting in 1.7 million infections and ninety-nine thousand deaths each year.† It is unfortunate that so many people suffer each year from infections that could be easily prevented. Slide2 Today my goal is to share some information with you about Healthcare associated infections and hopefully together we can all make a difference by reducing these alarming statistics. To start off I’m going to explain what Healthcare Associated Infections are and then I will go over the different types. Next I am going to go over a couple of the more common pathogens in healthcare associated infections. Following that I would like to talk about the preventive measure that all health care workers should be following to prevent future Healthcare associated infections. (Slide 3) According to Wilkinson and Treas (2011), A Healthcare Associated Infection is an infection related to healthcare given in any setting such as a hospital, during home-care, long-term care, and ambulatory settings. Infections may be spread from one patient to another simply because the healthcare provider failed to wash their hands or wear the proper personal protective equipment. Infections are also commonly spread by devises used during a medical procedure and anything else the patient may come in contact with that has not been properly cleaned such as a call bell or side rail. For instance say you have a patient with MRSA and one of their family members leave the room failing to wash their hands, goes to the front desk to ask for a glass of water for the patient in the mean time she placed her contaminated hands on the desk. Following that a nurse stops by the front desk also placing her hands on the desk then goes in to see a patient and fails to wash her hands prior to patient contact. Now we have just spread the infection and sadly another patient has acquired a healthcare associated infections. Patients whom acquire healthcare associated infections typically have longer duration of recovery time and medical cost are increased drastically. There are many different types of Healthcare Associated Infections, there is Surgical Site Infection (SSI), Central Line Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI), catheter associated infection (UTI), and ventilator associated phenomena (VAP). (Slide 4) Surgical Site Infection A surgical site infection, also known as SSI, is an infection that occurs after surgery in whatever part of a person’s body that the surgery took place. There are three main types of SSI’s. There is superficial incision SSI, which transpires between the integument and subcutaneous tissue. Next is deep incision SSI, taking place at deep tissues such as muscles. The third type is called organ/space SSI, which occurs inside the body at an organ or the open space inside the body around the surgical site. All Surgical infections typically occur within thirty days of the surgical procedure expect in cases of implants, which then surgical site infections can take place with in one year. According to the Center of Disease Control (2012), infections develop in about 1 to 3 out of every 100 patients who have surgery. These infections are not only lengthening hospital stays, but adding unnecessary medical expenses, and are also responsible for unnecessary deaths and long-term disa bilities. (Slide 5) CLABSI Another type of Healthcare associated infection occurs at a central line also known as a catheter line, which is a tube used to draw blood, give medication or fluids through a large vein such as the jugular vein or subcalavian vein. A central line associated blood stream infection is caused when bacteria, or any type of germ enters the blood from the central line, which then causes an infection in the blood stream. –Slide 6- According to The American Surgeon (2011) Nosocomial blood stream infections are one of the leading causes of death in United States hospitals. As stated in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2012), In 2011 there were thirty-seven central line associated blood stream infections reported at Halifax Health Medical Center. (Slide 7) CA-UTI A different type of Healthcare related infection is a catheter associated urinary track infection. This type of infection occurs when the patient has a urinary catheter in place and bacteria or fungus travel up the tubing. The infection can take place any where in the urinary system from the urethra to the kidneys. The longer the patient has the catheter in place the more they are at risk for getting a UTI. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reported that one in ever two thousand patients who were cared for at Bert Fish Memorial in New Smyrna Beach acquired a catheter associated infection. (Slide 8) VAP Then there are the ventilator-associated phenomena’s, which is an infection that occurs in the lungs due to contaminated ventilation equipment. Patients who are on ventilators are already weakened due to another form of illness and their immune systems are typically compromised making it difficult for their bodies to cope with trying to fight yet another issue. According to Wilkinson and Treas (2011), ventilator associated infection are associated with high mortality rate. Last year alone there were approximately thirty-six thousand reported cases of ventilator-associated infections. (Slide 9) Pathogens Two of the more common types of pathogens in nosocomial infections are Coagulase-negative staphylococci also known as CoNS and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus also known at MRSA. CoNS typically causes catheter related ifections since catheters are not easly removed and cleaned it often makes it complicated to treat. CoNS are also known to be resistant to most forms of antibiotics. According to the European Journal Of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (2011), CoNS infection prolongs treatment with antibiotics and hospital stay by approximately twelve days or up to two and a half weeks. MRSA is a staph germ that is difficult to cure. If MRSA enters the blood stream it can spread any where through out the body, including bones, and organs. According to Clinical Infectious Disease (2012) MRSA infections kill nineteen thousand hospitalized American patients annually. Out of all the MRSA cases, 86% of them are healthcare aquired. (Slide 10) Preventive measures All of these infections could be prevented if we take initiative to follow the proper protocol. One the simplest and most important preventive measures is washing your hands before and after entering a client’s room. Sadly many health providers fail to do this. These infections could be prevented as long as the healthcare team uses proper aseptic techniques. In 2010 Florida’s Department of Health started up a program called the HAI prevention program. One of their main goals is to prevent and decrease the healthcare related infection rates in Florida’s hospitals and long-term care facilities. With in a five-year period the US Department of Health and Human Services plans on reducing Blood stream infections in Florida by 50-70%. That’s a good start, but I believe we should all strive to eliminate all healthcare related infections. A few preventive measures are, if a medical supply accidentally becomes contaminated through it out and start fresh, as soon as our patients are well enough to have catheters removed notify the doctor so that they can be removed promptly, and always wash your hands before and after patient contact and remind others to wash their hands as well. (Slide 11) Conclusion In closing I am sad to say it, but many healthcare providers are in violation of the first rule of health care, Do No Harm. Our patients are coming to us to be relieved of their illnesses not to acquire new ones. So if we could all just follow the simple preventive measures such as washing our hands before and after assisting our patients we all can make a difference. Just think that fifteen seconds it took you to wash your hands may have just saved a life. References Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2010) Ending healthcare-associated infections. Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/haicusp.htm Boucher, H. & Corey, R. (2008). Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Oxford Journals. 46(5), 344-349. Retrieved from http://cid.oxfordjournals.org Florida state plan to address healthcare-associated infections. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/pdfs/stateplans/fl.pdf Kordek, A. (2011). Concentrations of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, and the immature-to-total neutrophil ratio in the blood of neonates with nosocomial infections: Gram-negative bacilli vs coagulase-negative staphylococci. European Journal Of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases: Official Publication Of The European Society Of Clinical Microbiology, 30(3), 455-457. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/ Smith, J., Egger, M., Franklin, G., Harbrecht, B., & Richardson, J. (2011). Central line- associated blood stream infection in the critically ill trauma patient. The American Surgeon, 77(8), 1038-1042. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost Wilkinson. & Treas. (2011). Fundamentals Of Nursing. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis.

Middle School Teachers' Understanding of School Bullying in Mainland Literature review

Middle School Teachers' Understanding of School Bullying in Mainland China - Literature review Example The concept of bullying was perceived at a certain point of time to be a ritual in relation to passage or rather a harmless form of conduct that aided in forming characters in the young age. However, presently this particular idea of bullying is considered to pose long-term physical, emotional and academic consequences on the bully as well as on the victim (Blazer, 2005). The increasing rate of bullying activities is gradually emerging to be a grave matter for numerous elementary students. Bullying is identified to be amongst the triggering factors of violence which calls for the immediate correction for this kind of a behaviour. The conduct of bullying is often regarded to be a form of personal conducts which is acquired from the surroundings. Therefore, it implies that bullying, being a learning behaviour, makes it competent of being assessed and altered according to the needed requirements that get deciphered from the evaluation (Blazer, 2005). According to Olweus (1996), a student is found to fall a victim to bullying behaviour when that specific individual constantly remains open to the elements related to abusive activities or nuisances and irritations caused by the other students. The main intention behind such kind of bullying activities is believed to be the foremost concern of gaining dominance and power over the other students or the individuals. Majorly, three different forms of bullying behaviour has been identified which entails physical form, verbal form and psychological form. The physical outward appearance of bullying behaviour is known to encompass kicking, pushing, property destruction, hitting, spitting and stealing. In the similar context, the verbal kind of bullying behaviour has been learnt to engage various activities such as depicting malevolent wit, making coercion, screening hurtful behaviour and name calling. Furthermore, the psychological form of bullying activities is found to entail influencing social relationships, extortion, spreading rumors, intimidation and segregation from a certain peer group (Blazer, 2005; Cohn & Canter, 2003). The aspect of this particular kind of behaviour, i.e. bullying, is learnt to engage two vital constituents that have been recognised as the psychological or the physical form of threats often found to take place frequently with time along with the factor of power imbalance. It becomes quite imperative to be mentioned in this respect that there are certain kinds of behaviours

Professional Application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Professional Application - Essay Example Nevertheless, Houston represents a booming market for Steve Madden with a high proportion of working population with higher incomes. The paper reviews the internal and external situational factors affecting Steve Madden. The insights offered by this research can provide a basis for further in-depth research regarding the competitive position of Steve Madden. Keywords: Steve Madden; positioning; target market; marketing efforts Introduction The small business chosen for the purpose of this essay is Steve Madden which has a strong retail presence in Houston, Texas. Steve Madden enjoys a strong foothold in the footwear industry and is primarily known for the novelty of its products at a reasonable price. This paper discusses the competitive and marketing landscape for Steve Madden along with the economic, social, technological and demographic factors affecting the business. Part 1: Situation Analysis Product/Service Overview – strengths, weaknesses Steve Madden offers an assorted range of accessories and shoes for men, women and children. It enjoys high brand equity by virtue of its cutting edge styles and fashion statements (Zappos.com, 2013). Another strength is that the products are sold through the company’s own stores, department stores as well as company website, thereby increasing availability of its products. Furthermore, the price matches quality thereby offering value for money for customers. However, the products remain beyond the reach for majority of the customers. Also, repetitive styles result in monotony. Current positioning in the market Steve Madden has positioned itself on the bridge between high-end and mid-range fashion. It currently enjoys a dominant market position with Steve Madden being ranked second to Nike as the customer’s preferred footwear brand (from 2002-2007) (Piper Jaffray Companies, 2013). Target Market Steve Madden targets a broad range of customers. Its core market for women ranges from 16-45 years whereas the sub brand â€Å"Stevies† is focused on girls aged 6-12 years (T. Sloan, personal communication, September 02, 2013). The target market for men includes those aged 20-40 years (T. Sloan, personal communication, September 02, 2013). These individuals are primarily fashion conscious individuals with high annual incomes but do not want to splurge in expensive, high-end fashion. Less expensive knock-offs are offered for such customers. Current marketing efforts (traditional, interactive, etc.), messages and effectiveness The company’s marketing efforts can best be described as both traditional and interactive. It has partnered with Katy Perry under â€Å"Steve Madden Music† campaign which also featured live performance by Shwayze, a rapper. The company is actively engaged in mobile marketing as well as digital marketing through Facebook where customer feedback is taken via comments on videos, pictures and other content posted by the company. Google ad words and T witter are also used to broaden sharing of Steve Madden’s content and deepening relationships with customers. Part 2: Competition The three major competitors for Steve Madden are BCBG, Nike and Nine West. These shall now be analyzed one by one. BCBG- Product/Service Overview – strengths, weaknesses Primarily known for its high quality, fashionable apparel, BCBG has increased its offerings to include handbags, shoes and accessories thereby offering high product variety. The mid-range price points appeal to a broad range of

Global Warming & Climate Change Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Warming & Climate Change - Article Example Johannessen notes that global warming is so alarming because it is not only being contributed for by nature, only but also human activities. According to Johannessen, the issue is too vital due to the increasing and further expected increase of the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. For instance, he argues that the amount of this gas was recorded high in the year 2011 and the value is expected to increase in the years to come. Notably, it is true that global warming is threatening the world and its leaders. However, global warming cannot only attribute to the increased emission into the atmosphere. In fact, even if human beings stop emitting greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, global warming will still be a threat since the ozone is already depleted and it contributes to the increase of generation of greenhouse gases through radical reaction mechanisms into the atmosphere. As Johannessen note, it is true that carbon dioxide is a threat of increasing global warming and they can be released into the atmosphere naturally and through human activities. Nonetheless, there is an increased human activity including industrialization activities that put the world at much greater risk of global warming. However, Johannessen should consider that the atmosphere has no walls; therefore, the environmental effects initiated from a certain location will automatically spread to entirely all parts of the world (Archer, 201 2). Therefore, the efforts to reduce globalization should be contributed for by all nations of the world.

Ch10 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ch10 - Case Study Example These facets will help managers and other employees to make better decisions keeping in mind the current scenario and the organizational culture of the organization. The norms accepted by the employees, their emotions regarding various aspects, so on and so forth will help in building high emotional intelligence in employees (Cote and Miners, 27). Yes the program being implemented in J&J would be successful in improving the emotional intelligence of employees. It is appropriate to consider abilities in job performance evaluations. Observational learning is a very important tool that help individual learn many characteristics and traits that should be possessed by them for success. By attending training programs, those employees that aspire for success would work upon bringing a change in themselves and work upon having high emotional intelligence. All those abilities should be evaluated for evaluation of job performances that are required for the job role as the multi skills present in employees allows many tasks to be conducted successfully for the firm. Manufacturing and quality control recalls can be avoided if managers control the resistance in employees due to any mishap occurring in the firm. All negative emotions from the employees need to be removed. The managers need to ensure that the goals of the employees are in alignment with the goals of the organization and accordingly deal with all the manufacturing and quality related concerns of the firm. Stronger relationships are built, stress at workplace is reduced which leads to better productivity. The other abilities in avoiding recalls in organizations are through employees having an optimistic view of work and life. Having abilities to work hard and work under pressure by following the guidelines exactly allows recalls to be avoided in manufacturing and quality control

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 20

Business - Essay Example There are various steps involved in developing and implementing organizational strategies. These steps are important part of strategic planning process. According to the requirements of a company, strategic planning process is developed. Based on that planning process a company is able to build strong and effective strategies. In this planning process an organization analyse its external and internal environment. If the strategy fits with the company’s criteria and expectations then as per the plan, strategy is implemented by the organization. In this case study the importance of strategic planning in developing organizational strategies has been critically evaluated. Many explanations are reasons are provided for showing the importance of strategic planning in forming strategies. There are some negative aspects of strategic planning for which this planning process is avoided by some companies. Strategic planning process mainly relies on figures, analysis, forecasts etc. If those data are not updated then the entire planning process and the strategy becomes wrong. Planning process of strategy consumes huge amount of time. As a result it is not always possible for companies to spend so much time in planning strategies. Sometimes strategic planning process increases confusion in developing strategies (Hooley, Piercy, and Nicoulaud, 2012). But if these factors are handled tactfully then strategic planning contributes a lot in developing effective strategies. Companies get a clear idea about its strengths and weakness by conducting strategic planning process. They can utilize its strengths effectively with the help of good strategic which is only possible through strategic plans. Top managers and Board of Directors of a company make strategic decisions. But before forming a strategy they do different types of analysis programs to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategy.

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 58

Discussion - Assignment Example The drum-kit is focused lightly, and the choruses added in the song bring tune and music. As far as the folk version of the song is concerned, the lyrics are more appreciable, and the background music provides an ominous melody as it is a song in a low moan. Examining the history of the song, it is seen that the version shows more sentimental side of music, which was present in Anglo and African American roots showing broken, hearted country ballad. The Leadbelly’s version makes the music cover horrific conjecture of the time of the music at the time of wake of Southern racism in America (Garofalo and Waksman). Hence, the songs follow the tastes of consumers at the time of their emergence. The Leadbelly’s versions take you at the time of Depression and unplugged version follows the tastes of current consumers. The emergence of different versions has made the music business enjoyable as people relate the music to their lives and their time (Garofalo and

The issues of politics and administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The issues of politics and administration - Essay Example This paper will look into the issues of politics and administration. It will also discuss the possibility of separating politics from administration. Holding or having an opinion about such a view is very critical. It is, however, very easy to agree with all those who do not think that Wilson was right. The involvement of politics in the administration process is an everyday occurrence (Naidu, 2005). It has been there ever since the beginning, and it is here to stay. To try and stop the involvement of a higher, organized group of elite people who are out to benefit themselves is a very hard task. It is hard to hide the fact that these two are linked. It is very unlikely for any administration to make a decision without there being any outside influence. That mainly comes from the politics side of that administration. It is fair to say or point out that the dichotomy displayed by Wilson in today’s world is not applicable. The distinction is neither workable nor is it practical. Take, for example, a public school. A public school that gets its funding from the local government is usually very easy to fall prey to the involvement of politics. As the school administration wants to implement their policies, local politics comes into play. It is very easy for them to get side-lined. They get other policies to implement while being given ultimatums if they do not do as they are required (Sapru, 2006). Some of the advantages of this dichotomy would be the fact that, some policies that these administrations are forced to adopt may end up helping people. This is in line with the fact that incentives are always factors that are used to control these administrations, and the people around them. Another advantage would be the rise of more powerful individuals that may be able to run the administration. The recognition that politics gives to individuals is very appealing to many, and the fact that a politician is willing to spend time in the local areas would

Law Task Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Law Task - Essay Example The third element to be used by Jigger on building his case is that while Frankie was taking his ipod, he used violence or threat to violence. To consider the concept of threat, the law makes emphasis on â€Å"presence†. The property must be in the presence of the victim so that it may be proven that in deed the victim was in apposition of defending his property were it not that violence was used or threat to the violence was used, then the victim would have been in a position to defend the property. 2In this case Jigger was with his property, which means that had it not been that Frankie used threat to violence, he would not have given away his ipod. It should be noted that the concept violence, needs not physical injury or physical contact being made. Had it been that Frankie grabbed the ipod from Jiggers hand, then the court would be able to charge Frankie with robbery with violence. The case of against Frankie falls under two circumstances. While Frankie would argue that he only hit Jigger after he had taken the ipod, Jigger would argue that at the point of taking of the ipod, Frankie had used threat in the case he did not cooperate. At this point, the case of robbery shall have been built strongly. In the next instance, Jigger would file for the case against Frankie to be just violence. There is no certainty that the action of violence directed to Jigger by Frankie was to facilitate the taking of Jigger’s property. This is because by the time violence was being committed, Frankie already had the ipod. Jigger therefore must file the violence case against Frankie separate from the robbery

Highlanders bakery Essay Example for Free

Highlanders bakery Essay 1.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM Highlanders bakery is situated in Mafeteng. In the Bedco complex, block D. Its owner is TSL Mokhosi, he formed it in the year 2000. Its main task is to supply the schools and local retailers with fresh bread. Its open to the public too. They mainly buy the confectionary (Chelsea buns, muffins etc). The bakery employs a total of 9 people, 3 cashiers and the rest do the cooking. They have been divided into three shifts. There are also additional staff members. One of the local schools sends some of the students who have graduated. Their numbers vary and when they do arrive their divided accordingly. The bakery pays their expenses. The current problem is in the accounts. They use a manual system whereby, the cashiers write down the appropriate information (that days profits, losses etc). Things like receipts and invoices are put into cabinets. The owner just realized that theres a problem this year when LRA (Lesotho Revenue Authority) implemented its plans to make all the businesses in Lesotho to pay tax for all the years they didnt. The first problem is that some of the information that the cashiers have recorded is found to be unrealistic. The receipts when added up make a different total from the ones in the books. Now from this information different conclusions can be archived. The cashiers might be stealing stock and putting down the wrong information on purpose. The other staff members maybe the ones stealing the receipts to enable theft. Maybe the cabinets are not a secure place to store the receipts. 1.2 LIST OF OBJECTIVES To tackle the above problems I shall create a database. The database will be only accessed by the authorized employees (the manager and the cashiers). I shall make sure that the appropriate people access the database by inserting passwords which their familiar with, (I shall also suggest that they change them frequently). All the arriving stock shall be recorded on the database. I shall also include things such as staff records and how much theyre paid. Further more the students too will be included in the database and their expenses will be properly recorded. It shall have space for the days results, (how much bread, confectionary was baked, how much of it was wasted and how much was sold, etc). It shall also show all the weeks expenses, such as water and electricity bills. Then it shall automatically add everything up, showing how much was made that month and how much of it is profit. 1.3 DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING SOLUTION The cashiers write down all of the days proceeds in a big book. All the staff members can access this because its necessary for them to write down their names when they arrive for their shifts. The receipts are simply thrown into cabinets and not properly stored and recorded. When the owner saw that this method is not properly functioning he decided that he should personally call every day after the bakery is closed and be told all of the days proceeds. He then records them secretly. The owners wife then checks all this data in the book every 6 months if the written data is realistic she approves them. If not she then takes the money that is short from the managers and cashiers salaries. Thats the way the data is processed and corrected but this method only applies for when money is missing and not stock. EVALUATION OF EXISTING SOLUTION (1.4) The existing solution is not that effective. When the owner calling does not prevent the staff members from stealing it only makes them cover their tracks, (destroy the invoices received for stock and not to write about them in the volume). The checking of the information by the owners wife only concentrates on the theft of money by the cashiers and the manager. The cabinets are quite ineffective because all have access to it. Malicious employees can gain unauthorized to the receipts, or the staff members can enable theft by making some of the receipts disappear. DESCRIPTION OF OTHER POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS (1.5) The bakery may upgrade is manual system. First thing they should do is use one book to keep all the records for the year in one book. This will help because finding records will be easier when their all located in one place. Locks maybe installed on the cabinets and the key given to the head cashier. This will help because it will prevent unauthorized personnel from accessing the record book and the receipts. The head cashier should be the only allowed to use the record book. This will help because there will be only one person who is responsible for the records thus reducing any theft. My solution, the bakery should be computerized. All the receipts and invoices will be entered using a scanner. All the records will be entered with a standard keyboard. The computer will be secured using physical means and a password will be entered on the computer. The key and password will be known and possessed by the cashiers only. Using the Internet the owner will be able to see all the records for the day and send any queries back to the cashier via email. EVALUATION OF OTHER POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS (1.6) Upgrading the manual system Advantages Disadvantages -It is cost effective the only materials that need to be bought are a book and some locks -Finding records will be faster than the old system unlike in the old system the records are all kept in one book -Receipts and invoices will be secure because the cabinets shall be locked properly with padlocks -It does not give any solution on how to prevent incorrect data from being entered -They work in shifts so the head cashier doesnt come on some days and thus access to the stock book cannot only limited to the head cashier Computerizing the bakery Advantages Disadvantages -The owner has access to daily records via email this means that it will cost less than when he had to call daily to access records -The records can be stored on the owners computer this is a more secure place than the cabinets -The computer automatically checks the data meaning that extreme and abnormal data will be automatically rejected -The computer is more secure than the cabinets because it will be equipped with a password and the same physical security used for the cabinets -It is expensive the bakery has to buy all the hardware requirements as well as the software -Employees need training to operate a computer because they only know how to operate the till 2.1 Plan Date Objective Description 01/09/05 Creation of the new database Microsoft access will be the chosen database. 07/09/05 Entering passwords The passwords are essential for security purposes. e.g. the other staff members will not be able to access any information stored. 17/09/05 Installation Introducing the new system to the necessary staff members. E.g. the new passwords. 2.2 Method of solution I have used Microsoft access to create a database. In the database I have included a couple of tables to enable the safe storage of data. An example is the suppliers table that has all the necessary details of the suppliers, and how they can be contacted. The staff members shall have access to accurate information, which has not been tempered. They shall take little time to access the table on the computer. The computer shall have a password that only allows authorized personnel to enter. The information shall never be lost. 2.3 Hardware requirements ITEM TYPE USE CPU Dell The central processing unit Keyboard, mouse, monitor Used to input and output data CD-Rom, floppy drive and flash drive Used to store and transfer data 2.4 Software requirements Item Use Windows Xp/Me/2000 Operating system Microsoft access The database Microsoft word All the typing 3.1 Test strategy -I intend to test that all the relationships are functioning properly -I shall test that all the data I have entered is correct (abnormal data and extreme) -I shall also test that it notifies the user if the entered wrong information 3.2 Test results All the relationships are working exceptionally (this will help the user not to encounter any problems whilst using the system) There are no errors on the data that I have already entered (the user needs the correct information in order to work fast, smart and effortlessly) It does notify the user when the data is of the wrong type (this will make processing easier) Extreme data Abnormal data 4.1 Technical documentation -Relationships are made to reduce errors that may occur whilst data is transferred. There are only two. All that the user has to do is open the relationships page and they shall be able to do, as they like. -Tables, to improve the tables all that needs to be done is the user to go the design page. Click on the appropriate field all the setting s shall be displayed. Note the validation rules and texts. -Forms and Reports have also been created. To alter them all the user has to do is go to the design page and they shall be able to alter the form or the report. 4.2 User documentation To use this system the user needs certain hardware and software Hardware CPU, Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse and a printer. Software Windows xp/me/2000 The user shall be provided with a CD that has the database in it. The user should open the CD and store the database on the computer. The user should load access The user should open the file The user shall see a list of tables that are accessible, and then enter the appropriate one How to enter data The user will have to use the keyboard Its important that the user proofreads the data entered How to process and output The user is only required to enter data, when the accountant arrives after six months the user should print all the tables that are needed by the accountant to do their job. How to prevent problems The user must not delete anything except the data that they enter thats incorrect. 5.1 Evaluation The database has all the needs that are mentioned in the objectives. Firstly it has provides a secure place to store data, because it cannot be lost. Secondly the database can only be accessed by the necessary personnel, there is a password that has been installed. Another advantage is that it prevents wrong data such as extreme data from being entered. It also has information to enable easy reordering, the correct details of suppliers and a table for how much stock is present. Employee records are also available this feature is for the accountants use only. The database will also collect daily sales that shall all be given to the accountant without it being changed by any other malicious employee. Future improvements/developments The system can be further improved by enabling automatic reordering via the Internet. The system in future can utilize a barcode reader to enter the stock into the database. The database can calculate how much money must be accumulated from the amount of stock bought. The system maybe enabled to operate all the cooking equipment, e.g. if connected to the oven it will have a set time of how long bread should be cooked at what temperature it should cook the bread at. When the workers turn up for their shifts they may use smart card and the computer will record what time they came in and went out all they have to do is swipe.

Effect of School and Family Violence on Children

Effect of School and Family Violence on Children Introduction School savagery is the brutality that happens in the school premises. It incorporates distinctive issues, for example, posses, harassing, physical mischief to the school staff and educators, brutality between the school understudies, and so on. It is turning into a continually expanding issue these days, especially in schools wherein the understudies make utilization of firearms and blades. Schools were at first viewed as the most secure spot for the children; however as a result of this school savagery it is no more a sheltered spot. Undoubtedly, such an instance of school roughness is sufficiently uncommon and seen just in specific schools; all things considered, a check is still required for the same. We all realize that youngsters are sent to class to increase better information and for higher studies. Nonetheless, if understudies go to class and get vicious or they are being hassled by alternate understudies, then it is something that needs to be concerned exceedingly and at the top need level. This issue is essentially confronted by all. The administration powers and organization are still not ready to determine this issue of school savagery without the due backing of instructors and in addition folks. Folks, instructors and the understudies can teach themselves about school brutality and approaches to keep it from these sites. They are particularly intended to offer help, backing and direction to the educators and folks. Definition School viciousness is any type of savage action or exercises inside the school premises. It incorporates tormenting, physical misuses, verbal ill-uses, fight, shooting and so forth. Tormenting and physical ill-uses are the most widely recognized types of savagery that is connected with school roughness. However compelling cases, for example, shooting and homicide have additionally been recorded as school brutality. The term family brutality generally envelops abusive behavior at home, youngster ill-use, and elderly misuse. Presenting kids to abusive behavior at home legitimately constitutes criminal tyke misuse in a few states Whether or not a state characterizes a youngsters presentation to abusive behavior at home as kid ill-use, the youngsters who are presented to abusive behavior at home experience that viciousness with their eyes, ears, hearts, psyches and bodies. (Catani, 2008) Objectives Roughness against kids is broad, in distinctive structures. Some of these, to be specific the utilization of physical and mental brutality to train kids, are advocated by folks, educators and youngsters themselves. In spite of the fact that schools ought to assume a vital part in cultivating the insurance of kids from viciousness and misuse, every now and again educators resort to vicious practices as an approach to enhance youngsters execution and to train them. Specifically, instructors dont have particular preparing and ability to handle the showing procedure without utilizing any types of brutality. The Objective Outcomes; (Carrell, 2010) To comprehend the impacts of abusive behavior at home on kids To learn approaches to converse with and hear them out about their experience of abusive behavior at home To see how aggressive behavior at home influences you as a guardian To deal with protected, peaceful associations with your kids dad or mom To learn and hone new critical thinking strategies with youngsters To discover bolster and advising for you and your youngsters, Why this problem is important? Summary 1 Daniel study demonstrates that school savagery is high in young people ØŒStudents dont comprehend the danger they are doing in the activity of brutality, however suits strictly when the occurrence happened. Bears obligation here, educators and the school important, the studies demonstrates additionally Studies demonstrate that African-Americans brutal understudies for reasons, for example, the desire of the white individual and neediness Summary 2 D. Glicken study demonstrates that viciousness in young ladies more for youngsters with the presence of various studies in the USA .Showing that young ladies heaviest and concentrate on savagery completed by young ladies And assume liability for people in top of the line after associates in the school and companions Statistics demonstrate that the unlawful acts did by the young ladies and proportions and years did by these fierce wrongdoings. Summary 3 Says that mothers are occupied with neighbors Craft things, drinking espresso and conversing with their companions Do not see their kids They begin to grumble of them at 15 years old until 18, however essential issue starts when the children from youthful ages Continue developing and show up at the time of pre-adulthood All the studies demonstrate that the primary issues are brought on by the absence of feeling by folks. The arrangements that I discussed is that folks thinks about the youngsters until they grow up. (Catani, 2008) Summary 4 Dosomthing study demonstrates the 11 certainty about the social change on the youngsters the outcomes wont put the rate however i will expound on the savagery that uncovered the understudy on the school understudies were tormented at school, they felt dangerous at or on their approach to class, graders reported being undermined or harmed with a weapon on school property in any event once in the most recent year, the youngster utilization firearm at schools, arent the main ones in peril of school viciousness. Summary 5 The instances of savagery among school understudies , 1-there folks tyke impact with viciousness firstly in the home so they duplicate what they observed on the school in the event that they have issues on the home ,2- what the observed on the TV additionally the films effecting, 3-School brutality just happens among ineffectively instructed youngsters. 4-School roughness influences youngsters over all racial, social, efficient and geological boundaries.5-If you dont need inconvenience, you ought to simply look the other way when you see school savagery. 6-in the event that you overlook brutality in school. Summary 6 Everything understudies need creation abilities to carry on effectively in schools ,understudy to feel great and easily extraordinarily for those kid who manufacture personal5 to 7 years this study said that the home there folks measure of regardless of whether a tyke is prepared to start school. Examination has proposed that we must take a gander at all parts of youngsters lives— their psychological, social, enthusiastic, and engine advancement to get an exact thought of their availability to enter school Summary 7 There is a little however developing group of examination showing that youthful youngsters presented to roughness in the house are left candidly scarred and damaged. Furthermore, introduction to abusive behavior at home has a negative effect on neuro intellectual improvement, prompting lower insight scores in youthful youngsters. There is noteworthy cover between abusive behavior at home and kid ill-use, in families where one type of savagery exists; it is likely that alternate does as well. (Carrell, 2010) Summary 8 Dr. Fantuzzo talked about exploration on the commonness of youngsters presented to abusive behavior at home, opening his presentation with the accompanying inquiry: We see through the glass faintly and is the glass half void or half full? In doing as such, he was alluding to the considerable measure of data ailing in the field, especially in regards to brutality counteractive action and intercession. (Catani, 2008) Previous Studies Study 1 Childrens Coping Abilities One territory which needs to be considered in more detail is the particular adapting capacities of individual more seasoned youngsters. Analysts have started to examine reasons which may represent the level of strength demonstrated by a few youngsters. Taking after from this, a clinical and examination agreement is framing for survey this strength as being affected by more than one component. Found kids adapting capacities could be partitioned into three classifications. These are: dispositional qualities of the kid (for instance, capacity to change in accordance with new circumstances); bolster inside of the family framework (for instance, great association with one guardian); bolster figures outside the family framework (for instance, peers, relatives). There is additional confirmation that youngsters adapting capacities can shift as an element of their formative stage. Research with preschool kids has shown that disturbances in their typical family working are connected with malad aptive practices, both in the home and other social circumstances. (Carrell, 2010) Summary of Study 1 An expansive outline of the impacts on offspring of either seeing, Infants are responsive to their surroundings; when bothered they cry, decline to bolster or withdraw and are especially helpless to passionate hardship. Youngsters adapting capacities could be partitioned into three classifications. These are: dispositional traits of the kid (for instance, capacity to conform to new circumstances); bolster inside of the family framework (for instance, great association with one guardian); bolster figures outside the family framework (for instance, peers, relatives). It is just by building up a more extensive definitional and examination base for kid ill-use and aggressive behavior at home issues, and putting them inside of the structure of family brutality by and large, with comparing sufficient assets, in a manner which will guarantee a superior future for youngsters who live with entomb parental clash. (Catani, 2008) Study Adolescents When kids achieve youth, their subjective aptitudes and assets for adjustment have generally come to a phase of improvement which envelops both their own family flow and outside informal organizations, for example, associate gatherings and school impacts. As such, they are getting to be mindful that there are distinctive methods for considering, feeling and acting on the planet from those to which they have been uncovered. On the other hand, the inquiry is whether the behavioral and social learning procedures of teenagers, who have been presented to aggressive behavior at home, have turn out to be entrenched to the point that they think that it hard to take part in more positive methods for social collaboration. (Carrell, 2010) Summary Study 2 Teenagers see the viciousness as their guardians issue and they frequently view the casualty as being mindful. Continuous clash between folks has a significant impact on pre-adult improvement and future grown-up conduct, and can be the most grounded indicator of rough misconduct. Then again, it must be underscored that, while there is doubtlessly youngsters who either witness and/or are casualties of aggressive behavior at home are all influenced as far as their behavioral, intellectual and enthusiastic conformity, the examination is still not sufficiently definitive to establish that there is a complete situated reaction for sex, age or phase of improvement (Catani, 2008) Final Summary They are amazingly helpless. Babies, why should starting create essential endeavors to relate reasons to passionate expressions, can regularly be seen to have behavioral issues, for example, continuous ailment, serious modesty, low self regard and inconvenience in childcare and also social issues, for example, hitting, gnawing or being factious. Sex contrasts can rise at this stage. By preschool age, youngsters accept that everything rotates around them and is created by them. On the off chance that they witness roughness or ill-use, they accept they have created it. (Carrell, 2010) Conclusion Youngsters reactions to seeing and/or encountering aggressive behavior at home between folks differ impressively. No ordinary responses rise, albeit there is sufficient confirmation that introduction to abusive behavior at home can and frequently does impact youngsters conduct unfavorably. Be that as it may, at different phases of their improvement, kids are differentially ready to comprehend and adapt to what is occurring between their guardians. On the other hand, to completely comprehend the degree of the impacts of abusive behavior at home on kids, there are a few zones which need to be considered for future examination. Initially, all the more needs to be thought about the rate and pervasiveness of youngster witnesses, and about the interrelationship between seeing roughness and encountering different types of kid ill-use and disregard. Bibliography Carrell, S. E. (2010). Externalities in the classroom: How children exposed to domestic violence affect everyones kids. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2(1), 211-228. http://www.econ.ucdavis.edu/faculty/scarrell/domesticviolence.pdf Catani, C. J. (2008). Family violence, war, and natural disasters: A study of the effect of extreme stress on childrens mental health in Sri Lanka. BMC psychiatry, 8(1), 33. http://www.pubfacts.com/detail/18454851/Family-violence-war-and-natural-disasters:-a-study-of-the-effect-of-extreme-stress-on-childrens-ment

The Age Of Criminal Responsibility Criminology Essay

The Age Of Criminal Responsibility Criminology Essay One must be aware that the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child professes anyone under the age of eighteen is a child. However, in the criminal law, greater distinctions are made: anyone under 18 is a juvenile, aged 14-18 are classed as young persons and a person under 14 years old are classed definitively as a child. What does it mean to be a child in this modern era? Every person has experienced life as a child and could easily accumulate their own perspective, but that is exactly what it would be; a subjective definition that begins with infancy and ends when they reach adolescence. However, adolescence, for legal purposes must portray a mental, intellectual, emotional and more specifically, a moral capacity to differentiate right from wrong. Before one looks at the legal observations of childhood, it is only sensible to consider the words of those who dedicate their lives to the study of child psychology, and ultimately have wider knowledge. Psychological theory Piaget in his work, The Moral Judgement of the Child  [1]  established a theory of not only the cognitive, but also the moral development of a childs mind, prà ©cising that they cannot undertake certain tasks until they are psychologically mature enough to do so. The psychologist Kohlberg expanded on Piagets position  [2]  , and their theories make it plain that by ten children are not capable of making moral decisions similar to that of an adult, as they have not fully learned to do so. The theories suggest that there are 2 stages of moral reasoning (which sometimes overlap) named the heteronomous stage and the autonomous stage. At the heteronomous stage, the child is egocentric and believes the world revolves around them, and they will act depending on the severity of the outcome. This stage continues past the age of ten, so before they reach the next stage it is unlikely that they will be aware of the severity of any outcome. Subsequently, when they are in the autonomous stage, intentions are more important than the consequences of action and should be the basis for judging behaviour, and it is then that a child should be held accountable for his or her actions, not before. The theories suggested here are, of course, non-conclusive and non-exhaustive, but at least give an insight into the questionable nature of the entire concept of an absolute age of criminal responsibility, so it would be worthwhile to keep these theories in mind throughout the discussion. The age of criminal responsibility The age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales is ten years.  [3]  All children under this age are presumed to be doli incapax (incapable of committing a crime). After reaching the age of ten however, and as Elizabeth Stokes informs us, there is nothing within the substantive criminal law regarding the attribution of guilt, which distinguishes the responsibility of young people from that of adults.  [4]   The Home Office White Paper in 1997, signalled the start of New Labours tough and punitive, No More Excuses campaign by declaring that; Young people who commit offences must face up to the consequences of their actions for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ No young person should be allowed to feel that he or she can offend with impunity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Punishment is important as a means of expressing societys condemnation of unlawful behaviour and as a deterrent.  [5]   Even though there was much discussion with reference to raising the age in the late 1960s after the Government White paper Children in Trouble  [6]  (1968) along with Section 4 of the Children and Young Persons Act 1969 which would have raised the age of criminal responsibility to 14 but was never implemented and the provision was repealed in 1991. This introduced an unnaturally bold dividing line between criminal responsibility and irresponsibility for children who offend. This was the case even though arguments have been put forward suggesting that to criminalise and label children is very dangerous, with Deborah Orr proposing that, if a child has behaved in a fashion that he or she feels he had little or no control over, and then is told this is criminal, then the child is being taught that his or her criminality is something over which he has no control.  [7]  The following doctrine attempted to decrease the amount of children being labelled until it was abolished. Doli incapax Protection or a waste of time? Before the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 which abolished the doctrine, there had existed for hundreds of years  [8]  protection for children aged between 10 and 14 years. This protection was the rebuttable presumption that children were doli incapax. Under this legal doctrine, as expounded in the case of C v DPP  [9]  in addition to committing the actus reus and mens rea of a criminal offence the prosecution also had to prove beyond reasonable doubt that they knew what they were doing was seriously wrong. This doctrine was working as a filter which recognised childhood to stop 10 being the absolute age of criminal responsibility. Children aged between 10 and 14 years benefited from the presumption as it protected them from the detrimental effects of the enforcement of criminal law.  [10]  But despite this, it could be suggested that the doctrine did not work as it was professed to as it still did not stop children being prosecuted; as the prosecution only had to prove that children knew the difference between the extreme opposites of right and gravely wrong, and not mere naughtiness and wrong. For example, Bandalli suggests that children have a very flexible approach to ownership, if one were to look at the contents of the Theft Act 1968, s.1(1) describes the crime as dishonesty with intent to permanently deprive a concept which children might only be aware of as merely borrowing. So in practice it did not work sufficiently, but it cannot be ignored that it had very strong symboli sm, which was arguably the most important aspect. The symbolism of the doctrine An excellent point made by Pickford questions why the opponents of abolition continue to have faith in a doctrine which has proved to be so inadequate in protecting children anyway.  [11]  But this is perhaps because at least some acknowledgement was given to the notion of childhood with doli incapax, differentiating their treatment from that of adults. It made the police, the CPS and the judiciary stop and think about the degree of responsibility for each individual child,  [12]  and doing that, however briefly, kept the childhood status in tact. The symbolism of the abolition In spite of these arguments, Jack Straw said on 3 June 1998; with great respect, we are abolishing the concept of doli incapax and thus England and Wales saw the erosion of the policy of protection. However, this was combated with the justification that removal of protection was removal of excuse culture.  [13]  Nevertheless, supporters of the doctrine still implore the judiciary to recognise at least some protection. The recent case of R v T  [14]  in 2008 it was proposed that only the presumption had been abolished  [15]  and that the defence remained in tact. But this proposition was quickly flattened and children aged 10-14 would be treated in the same way as other juveniles in deciding whether to prosecute. The abolition of doli incapax was discoursed in conjunction with increasing the age of criminal responsibility, but now there has been an absolute abolition, the government has carried out one without the other, and has left a vacuum where protection should be. Th erefore, what doli incapax stood for; its symbolism of protection was quashed and children are treated like adults once again. The possible justifications for this are set out in Part Two. PART TWO CRIMINALISATION AND THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD There is little doubt that punitive imperatives have shaped contemporary policy responses to child offenders in England and Wales.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Goldson (2002) The government is ignoring the widespread discourse and European recommendations about the rights of children. With their apparent stubbornness, not to mention the abolition of the centuries old presumption of doli incapax, the question is why are we wedded to the extreme desire to pull children into the criminal justice system and criminalise, rather than taking the civil route which is based on the foundations of protection and welfare? Their policy has brought a large group of children under the auspices of the criminal justice system where previously they may have been successfully diverted. This current punitive climate can be justified to an extent because people have an innate interest in punishment. Namely, they will view children as adults seeing them as autonomous beings who bear responsibility for what they do, despite their age. In the NACRO youth crime briefing as recent as December 2008, the Committee expresses concern about the findings of a survey commissioned by Barnados  [16]  which show the negative public perception of children: 49% of people believe that children are increasingly a danger to each other and adults, 54% agreed that children are beginning to behave like animals, 35% of people feel like the streets are infested with children. In addition to this, after the 1994 government submission to the UNCRC, Barnados and the NSPCC highlighted their outrage of what the government purported to be happening in England and Wales, that it did not reflect what was happening in reality, and thus decided to write their own submissions such as these, showing that the UK Government has much to answer for. The public have a diverse perception of children in contrast with psychologists  [17]  and they want to prosecute them. To prosecute and put a child through the criminal system costs between  £75,000 (for a youth to be in a young offenders institute) and  £150,000 (for secure accommodation).  [18]  Although it might be a generally useful deterrent to use the threat of prosecution, recently it can be seen how arbitrarily it is used (which is in breach of Art 37(b) United Nation Convention on the Rights of the Child). For example, an article in The Mail Online  [19]  states that in Newark, Nottinghamshire, letters of warning have been sent out that children face prosecution and fines of up to  £100 if they annoy neighbours with ball games. . But if the child was to be prosecuted for kicking a ball around in the street, what would this really achieve? The answer is nothing. Prosecution and custody in this respect would be equivalent to an employer paying a new employee to go through a process which they know does not work,  [20]  which is obviously a waste of time for everyone involved. The government maintains that it is providing proportionate penalties for child offending and in its report to the CRC states they are keen to ensure that children are not prosecuted whenever an alternative can be found but the NACRO youth crime briefing successfully contests this articulating even those who are diverted [away from the courts] by being dealt with reprimand of final warning, are in effect [still] criminalised. It is also exceptionally questionable whether children should be tried in the Crown Courts, as the NACRO briefing  [21]  suggests that the Crown Court is primarily an arena for dealing with adult offenders through jury trial, and children who commit grave crimes are, in large degree, processed as if they were adults.  [22]   And so, in the shadow of sympathetic European progressiveness, New Labour, with its No More Excuses draconian approach has conceded to the whims of the public and are practically stealing away what it is to be a child, including what they deserve and have a right to protection, which a higher age of criminal responsibility would ensure. In Europe: UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) According to United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child regarding the age of criminal responsibility, countries should consider whether a child can live up to the moral and psychological components of criminal responsibility and notes that if the age of criminal responsibility is set too low the notion of responsibility would become meaningless. The Committee has recommended State Parties not to set a minimum age of criminal responsibility at a too low level and to increase an existing minimum age to an internationally acceptable level concluding that the minimum age below the age of 12 is considered unacceptable. According to UK Childrens Commissioners Report to the UNCRC, although the UK has ratified the UNCRC, the Convention is not part of domestic law and remains unenforceable. Recent legislative and policy developments are in clear breach of the UNCRC, for example, the naming and shaming of children subject to anti-social behaviour orders  [23]  . Even if these did not breach the Convention rights, it would be unsuccessful anyway, as some children, especially the higher end of the spectrum would actually be proud of having an ASBO, or as Deborah Orr suggests  [24]  , they would be badges of pride and perverse achievements. Thompson and Venables case study How it came about that two mentally normal boys aged 10 of average intelligence committed this terrible crime is very hard to comprehend . . . Morland, J The cases of R v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex parte V. and R. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex parte T, concerned Robert Thompson and Jon Venables, both 10 ½ year old boys, being convicted of the murder of a two year old boy. They were only just over the age of criminal responsibility. They were sentenced to detention during Her Majestys Pleasure and the trial Judge; Morland J set the minimum term to be served at eight years to reflect their extreme youth. The NACRO youth crime briefing  [25]  Grave crimes, mode of trial, and long term detention, reports that the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR hereafter) determined that the defendants were denied a fair trial since they were unable to participate effectively in the proceedings given the nature of the court room and the intense public scrutiny saying the formality and ritual of the Crown Court must have seemed incomprehensible and intimidating for a child of eleven. This breaches Art 3 of the Convention, to have the best interests of the child as the primary consideration. The Youth Crime Briefing  [26]  reports that even after the Lord Chief Justice issued a Practice Direction (in February 2000), which gave guidance for the conduct of such proceedings and calls upon Crown Courts to have regard to the welfare of the child and to avoid exposing him or her, so far as possible, to intimidation, humiliation or distress (my emphasis added),further cases go on to breach Convention rights. This was detailed in the case of SC v UK  [27]  where an eleven year old boy who did not have the intellectual, moral or cognitive capacity for his age group, had his right to a fair trial breached even though the procedure adopted would have complied with the Practice Direction. The ECHR stated that: [He] has little comprehension of the role of the jury . Even more strikingly, he does not seem to have grasped the fact that he risked a custodial sentence, and even once sentence had been passed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ he appeared confused and expected to be able to go home with his foster father. The Court then went on to make recommendations as to how a child with the handicap of childhood should be processed that they should be tried in a specialist tribunal noting afterwards that there are at present no proposals to develop one. The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice The Beijing Rules. The Beijing Rules adopted by the General Assembly in 1985, specifies in section 4.1 that the lower age of criminal responsibility shall not be fixed at too low an age level, bearing in mind the facts of emotional, mental and intellectual maturity. The commentary states that a specific approach should be taken, which is whether a child can live up to the moral and psychological components of criminal responsibility and making explicit reference to the individual discernment and understanding. This relates profusely to the theories that Piaget and Kohlberg propose where they have said that moral development is a continual process that occurs throughout the lifespan, and I would suggest that to fix the age at ten is to put a limit on an uncertain event, that is to say, they are severely generalising the mental capacity of children, leading to injustices in the due process that children are entitled to have. Even if it can be argued that increasing the age would lead to net-widening of children (who may have developed moral capacity earlier) being excused for crimes, that does not displace the argument that the majority of crimes committed by children are minor, and could be prevented with concern for the individual offender and n ot the offence. . In fact, the Beijing Rules state in part 11.1, consideration shall be givenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to dealing with juvenile offenders without resorting to formal trial emphasizing that, this practice [will] serve to hinder the negative effects of subsequent proceedings, such as the stigma of conviction and sentence. The Rules also make clear the relationship that the age of criminal responsibility must have with its other limitation counterparts; the legal age of consent, the legal age of drinking, marital status, civil majority for example. There is also the notion of the need of a higher mental intelligence, emotional and moral capacity to be responsible in respect to all of these, and this just does not sit well with having the age of criminal responsibility at ten.  [28]   Risk and Predictive Factors In addition to disregarding the Beijing Rules, the government have actually contributed to the reason that children are committing crimes, evidenced by certain predictive factors that have led to increased youth crime in certain contexts. The Youth Offending Board  [29]  maintains that anti-social behaviour and crime is not immediately down to the childs choice, but rather the context in which they are placed. From their web page headed, Targeted Prevention of Youth Crime and Anti-Social Behaviour they raise the policy issue of funding for a start, and reinforce that, one of the best and most cost-effective ways to reduce youth crime is to prevent young people from getting into trouble in the first place, by dealing with the problems that make it more likely they will commit crime or anti-social behaviour. They then proceed to list possible predictive factors such as lack of or poor education, poor family relationships (bad parenting), and the child living in public housing locat ed in high risk, inner city areas. To start with, the report from the UK Childrens Commissioners to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child evidenced that child poverty is high with around 3.1 million people living in poverty (29% of children) in England and more than 1 million children living in poor housing, which is a possible reason why children commit crime. Here it is not individual choice, but the governments own policy that is creating the increased likelihood of child offenders. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation suggests that current measures mean child poverty will rise from 18% to 33% over the next 20 years. They say the poverty gap is created by state benefits which are linked to inflation, rather than earnings, and that is of government concern. And so, if the Government is likely to miss its target to halve the number of children living in poverty by 2010, then they are in theory adding to the offending rates instead of reducing them, defeating their whole objective of being tough on crime. Other factors arise from poor parenting and bad education. In a speech to the Association of Teachers and Lecturers in 2002, the former education secretary Estelle Morris argued that bad parenting has created a cycle of disrespect among children, and again does not show it to be the individuals own choice. Poor education leads to truancy, alcohol misuse and other antisocial activities that adults would not be punished for. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation found that almost half the young people aged 11 to 17 reported committing at least one criminal act in a survey of 14,000 school students.  [30]  It is fair to argue that this shows crimes are being committed by children to whom doli incapax formerly applied, but this paper is not insisting that children between 10 and 14 do not commit crimes, it is reiterating that the punitive measures for this age group are a step backwards in an otherwise progressive world, and alternative measures are needed. The government have excused thems elves of any blame, when it is obvious from the above factors that they have an inherent part to play. Children are no longer treated as special cases when it comes to the types of penalties available to the courts when they ought to be. The status of childhood still remains and needs to be protected. But condemning children to the penalties that adults have, they are subverting the whole concept of childhood and are returning to the stage in history where children were no less than little adults  [31]  a definition which philanthropists such as Mary Carpenter in the very early stages of the youth justice system were trying to eradicate. PART THREE ALTERNATIVES Justice/Welfare Burgeoning youth incarceration and high reconviction rates in England and Wales have prompted a search for alternative responses. Pitts and Kuula  [32]   The overall aims of the criminal justice system are to avoid future re-offending and to exact retribution on behalf of the victim and society  [33]  as defined in s.37 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. The UK government for England and Wales have two main options they could take towards a child who has committed a crime; a diversionary approach operating at a cautionary level or to prosecute amounting to either a judicial process of punishment on the basis of harm done or a punishment approach regarding the welfare of the child. The inability to comply with the UNCRC recommendations is exposed where they take the punitive route almost every time. The response to juveniles oscillates between the justice or welfare approach, that is to say whether you look to the offence of the offender. The welfare approach is founded on determinist reasons outside of the childs control, so he or she bears no responsibility. However the justice approach appears to predominate in England and Wales, which will inevitably mean that the age of criminal responsibility will remain too low, as it does not allow a child to be anything but responsible. Civil Law approach The civil family law is an example of the welfare approach. There is an odd dichotomy because, in contrast with the criminal law which employs a fixed cut-off point, family law takes an individualised and functional approach, joined with a completely different perception of childhood, which is in line with the UNCRC. The perception seems nearer to that outlined by Piaget and Kohlberg which understands the vulnerable and dependent nature of a child, and again works on the basis that the childs welfare is paramount. Helen Keating also suggests that the child may also be seen as incompetent in legal terms, and that developmental discourse has found expression in law and has made its way into the system through the test formulated from Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority and Another  [34]  . . The level of competence required is sufficient understanding and intelligence to enable him to understand fully what is proposed and sufficient discretion to enable him to make a wise choice in his or her own interests.  [35]  Despite the problems that the test can amount to, such as delay in ascertaining the competence, its influence has become enshrined in statute. The Children Act 1989 even begins with a checklist for the welfare principle stating that the court should have regard to the the ascertainable wishes and feelings of the child considered in the light of his or her age and understanding.  [36]  Ã‚   . There is no such parallel in criminal law, which begs the question of why two systems running side by side are contradictory. It cannot be that the children in family law cases are more vulnerable than those in criminal law, so it must be due to the approach. The UK Government should take a step back and try to ignore the distorted perceptions of children that the public emanate, and look more closely at the individual child perhaps even looking at them as if they were their own young. Comparative Systems With the New Labour policy so behind most other countries it is unsurprising that one can find models of welfare based systems which, despite their own shortcomings (such as paternalistic decision-making) still puts us to shame. Lesley McAra introduces a substantive summary of the developments in Scottish Youth Justice  [37]  noting it exhibited a high degree of stability in its welfare based institutional framework and policy ethos, up until it started acting like England. By filtering in punitive measures such as anti-social behaviour legislation when the Children (Scotland) Act was passed in 1995, Scotland has conceded to the publics moral panics about persistent offenders and is transforming. The fact that their age of criminal responsibility is going to raise to 12 (from 8) when the Scottish Governments Criminal Justice and Licensing Bill passes in 2009, may just have saved them from themselves. This was the philosophy of the Kilbrandon Committees  [38]  childrens hearing system. Here a child, passing several grounds for referral (which are astonishingly similar to the grounds that the civil (family) law invokes for a Care Order  [39]  .. is or is likely to suffer serious harm and/or with admission of guilt) are referred to a tribunal consisting of lay-people, who operated from a needs not deeds viewpoint was in direct contrast with Englands Ingleby Committee. It will bring Scotland into line with most of Europe, but the Scottish Government said the rise would not mean letting off younger offenders, as Justice Secretary Kenny MacAskill said amongst recent discourse, Evidence shows that prosecution at an early age increases the chance of reoffending so this change is about preventing crime. Rather they will be held to account in a way that is appropriate for their stage of development and ensures that we balance their needs with the need to protect our communities. Similarly in Finland a different approach is taken. The age of criminal responsibility is 15, and their answer is to look at the child on the whole; their environment whilst dividing children into their age groups based on cognitive functions, needs, and understanding. Moving from a punitive to welfare syste

Philosophy of Education :: Philosophy of Teaching Statement

Philosophy of Education Webster defines philosophy as a critical study of fundamental beliefs and the grounds for them. In this philosophy, I will be talking about the three great philosophers: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. These three philosophers represent the birthplace of Western philosophy. Socrates, which is synonymous with wisdom and the philosophical life, was a teacher without a school. His goal was to help others find the truths that lie within their own minds. He helped his students reach deeper, clearer ideas by questioning, disproving, and testing the thoughts of his pupils. His teachings offended many of the powerful people of his time. They believed he was corrupting the youth in Athens. Since he believed and taught in this way, he was executed. Plato, a student of Socrates, followed in his teachings. After returning to Athens, he founded The Academy, considered by some to be the world’s first university. In Plato’s philosophy the human soul has three parts: intellect, spirit, and appetite. He felt that these three aspects interacted to determine human behavior. He urged that intellect be trained to control spirit and appetite. Aristotle was the student under Plato. He came to Plato’s Academy at the age of 18 and stayed for 20 years until the death of Plato. He went to northern Greece and taught Alexander the Great. After educating Alexander, he returned to Athens and set up his own school, the Lyceum. Aristotle placed more emphasis on the physical world than did Plato. He wrote works on biology, physics, astronomy, just to name a few. But, he is also renowned for his ethical and political theories. He thought the highest good for people was a virtuous life. By thinking this, he promoted the doctrine of the Golden Mean.

Communist Manifesto Essay examples -- Literary Analysis, Karl Marx

Karl Marx in his â€Å"Communist Manifesto† states that the wage gap will eventually result in revolutions of working class across the world, and consequently difference in classes will be vanished. Whereas, Robert Reich in â€Å"Why the Rich are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer† argues that American strategy of economic development, which is based on expansion of the production, will lead to collapse of American economy. Though, the poor people will suffer of various deprivations, wealthy people will be putted into even more unenviable situation in both cases. Moreover, scenario given by Marx in his work proposes the worst position for the rich people than Reich describes. First of all, the equal situations illustrated by both authors are result of over-extension of the market. This is due to the fact that trading relations is no longer bounded by national borders and corporations are selling their products not only in the specific region, but on the every part of the globe, in order to get more profit. Such profit-seeking concept of producers also forced them to make production process as cheap as possible. For example, high-volume production was moved from developed to developing countries with cheap labor force (Reich, p. 5), also as the production becomes automated to exclude the costs due to worker’s salary (Marx, p.44, Reich p.17). According to Reich, policy of American national companies, which is to expand distribution market, will eventually trigger slow but constant economical degradation. â€Å"And as the American corporation sold its goods and services all over the world, the purchasing power of American workers became far less relevant to its economic survival† (Reich, p.43). As the result of this, all classes in America wi... ...ening wage gap. Reich states that economic crisis in America will result in lost wealth of the rich people, but that issue will affect only well-off people in America, consequently they can either immigrate to different country before he gets poor or invest in overseas companies. On the other hand from Marx’s point of view wealthy people will literally get destroyed by proletarians due to three reasons. Firstly, the proletarian revolution will be worldwide, so the rich people won’t have a place to run to, everywhere will be the same equal society. Secondly, proletarian revolution is inevitable therefore rich man can’t stop the Specter of Communism. Finally, if the former rich man will rise against communism he will be punished. Thus, in Marx’s scenario of sinking of wealthy people they are doomed, as there is no way for them to avoid that state of affairs.

Adaptations of Mammals to Arid Australian Environments :: Environment Australia Animals Essays

Adaptations of Mammals to Arid Australian Environments Abstract High temperatures and low rainfall characterize much of Australia. It is hard to believe that animals can survive in arid conditions, much less prosper. Yet there is a whole range of mammals, among other life forms, that do. These animals survive because they have adaptations that allow them to live in the hot, dry conditions. The function of the adaptations is to balance thermoregulation with water gain and loss. For instance, many mammals that live in the desert obtain much or all of their water from the food they consume. The reduced water intake is partially balanced through concentrated urine and dry faeces. Evaporative cooling helps to regulate temperature. To limit the water lost through evaporative cooling, mammals are nocturnal, have light coloration and other body features to help dissipate heat, and use microenvironments to reduce heat gain. This is only a short list of the many amazing adaptations Australian mammals have to survive the harsh arid conditions; howe ver, it serves to illustrate the balance between thermoregulation and water regulation. Introduction Seventy percent of Australia is considered arid or semi-arid (Climate averages, 2000). Arid regions are characterized by receiving 100-250 millimeters of rain a year, and semi-arid regions are characterized by receiving 250-500 mm of rain per year (Costa, 1995). The average rainfall in Australia is only 165 mm per year (Climate averages, 2002). Not only are these regions faced with sparse rainfall, but they are also confronted with extreme temperatures. During the summer months of January and February, temperatures regularly exceed 40Â °C in the arid regions (Climate averages, 2002). The temperatures are even more scorching for small animals that live close to the ground because the soil becomes much hotter than the air (Walsberg, 2000). Therefore, Australian mammals must have adaptations to cope with the heat and lack of available water. Additionally, they must have adaptations to balance thermoregulation with water regulation. This paper will address these adaptations and explain how they work. Homeothermy Mammals can be broadly classified as homeotherms, which means their body temperature is relatively independent of the external environmental temperature (Ricklefs, 2001). Mammals and birds keep their body temperatures between 37Â °C and 38Â °C, however there are exceptions (Walsberg, 2000). Maintaining a constant internal temperature requires animals to have mechanisms to regulate their body temperature.

Communication Merit Essay

In this written piece I will be assessing the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care with references to theories of communication. The theories are; Soler theory, Tuckman’s theory and the communication cycle. The Soler theory was created by a man called Gerard Egan. He believed that this theory shows that basic non-verbal communication can help make a person feel involved and cared for when working with another person. This theory is a non-verbal listening method that is used commonly in communication. Soler means: S – Facing squarely- By doing this it shows that a service provider is involved with their clients. The body direction shows the message that you are involved with the other person. O – Keep an open posture- Keeping an open posture means not crossing arms and legs as this sends a message to the other person that you are talking too that you’re not involved or really interested. L –Lean- By leaning forward when a person is talking to you, it shows that you are involved and listening to what the other persons is saying. E – Use good eye contact- By having good eye contact with a clients, this shows that you are listening and that you are not distracted and shows you are involved because you are focusing on the person you are talking to. R – Be relaxed- It is important to keep still and not move about when a person is talking to you. You would use Soler Theory in a GP’s, such as; if someone has got an illness and needs to go to the doctors, the GP would sit squarely in front of the patient and keep an open posture and also, use good eye contact. The GP would use this theory to let the patient know that he is listening to them and to show the patient that you can tell him the problem without feeling shy or embarrassed. You may need to give someone some bad news and by using this communication theory, you will be comforting them and giving them your undivided attention, making them feels that they are valued. If you are giving the person some bad news, you will need to be serious and professional so that the other person trusts and respects you. However if you were fussing about with something else, not concentrating, kept looking at your watch as if wanting to be somewhere else or on your mobile the last thing they would want is to hear some bad news from you. Solar theory can be used in Interviews, such as, the interview could be 2 people getting to know  each other e.g. within early years or education teachers/minders would need to get to know the new children starting/enrolling. This would enable them to build a stable relationship with the child meaning they gain as much help or as little help needed to suit them. The teacher/carer would also get to know how the child best learns. An interview like this is often when first impressions are made so body language is very important. The Soler theory is good within counselling. Counsellors are often dealing with people in a fragile state of mind and will more than likely struggle to trust just anyone. The biggest part of a counsellor’s job is to listen to someone’s problems and react appropriately. Counselling sessions could become quite tense, especially if the counselee is on edge. The R in SOLER states that you need to be relaxed whilst paying attention, seeming relaxed would reduce the tense atmosphere making the other person relax. Soler theory, also states facing the other person squarely with an open posture, this makes the person talking feel valued, making them want to open up to the couns ellor and talk more. The Tuckman’s theory was created by Bruce Tuckman. He developed the four stages of team development in a group, which are; The Forming, Storming, Norming and performing stages. In order for the team to grow, to face up to challenges, to tackle problems, to find solutions, to plan work, and to deliver results. This model has become the basis for subsequent models of team dynamics and frequently used management theory to describe the behaviour of existing teams. Forming Stage- The forming of the team takes place. The team will meet and learn about the; opportunity, challenges, agrees on goals and begin to tackle the tasks. They may be motivated but are usually relatively uninformed of the issues and objectives of the team. The team members are usually behaved but very focused of them self’s. Supervisors of the team during this stage tend to need to be directive. Storming Stage- Every group will enter the Storming stage, in which different ideas compete for consideration. The team will address issues in the group, such as; what problems they are supposed to solve, how will they function independently and together and who would be the leader in the group. The team members will open out to each other and confront each other’s ideas and perspectives. Norming Stage- At some point, the team may enter the norming stage and team members will adjust their behaviours to each other as they develop work habits that will make the teamwork seem more  natural and fluid. Team members may often work through this stage by agreeing on; the rules, values, professional behaviours, shared methods and working tools. During this stage, team members will begin to trust each other and the motivation will increase as the team gets more acquainted with the project. Performing Stage- Some teams will reach the performing stage. These teams are able to function as a unit as they find ways to get the jobs done smoothly and effectively without conflict or the need of supervision. The team members will have become independent and will be motivated and knowledgeable. The team members are now competent, autonomous and able to handle the decision-making process without supervision. You would use Tuckmans theory in multi-agency services, such as, If someone was physically abused, they might contact the police to report the abuser, but the person who has been abused might need to go to the hospital due to the pain where they have been hit, so the police will pass this situ ation to the hospital once they have finished. Once the hospital has finished with the person who has been abused, they might pass the situation to a counsellor because, the person who has been abused may be suicidal due to the physical and emotional abuse. All of these services would work as a team and go through the Tuckman Stages. The Communication cycle refers to the whole process of communication from the origin up to the conceptualizing and the response of the intended message by the right person. The communication cycle is not complete before feedback even if the message reached the intended recipient. There are 6 stages in the communication cycle. An idea occurs- This is the first stage of the cycle, which is when you have an idea that you want to communicate. Message coded- In this stage you will think through how you going to communicate and what you are thinking and begin to put your thoughts into language, or even codes such as, sign language. Message sent- This is the point where you send your message in a form of sp eaking, writing or other ways such as, sign language or braille. Message received- This is the stage that focuses on the other person who has to sense the message by hearing your word or seeing your symbols. Message decoded- This is a vital stage of the communication cycle, where the other person will interpret the message. Message understood- This is the final stage of the communication cycle, this is when the message is understood and they are able to communicate effectively. The Communication cycle is used when trying to communicate  sensitive subjects. For example, if someone is dying, we can use the communication cycle to make sure that we don’t say anything insensitive or even hurtful to the person who is meant be receiving the information. We can use the communication cycle to encode the information correctly. It is also important to make sure that we communicate the information at the correct time to prevent a misunderstanding of the message. The place and method of communication is also important in communicating a sensitive subject effectively and sensitively. We use the Communication cycle in any health and social care services because everyone processes the Communication cycle. Blurtit Ltd. [Online] http://science.blurtit.com/157992/the-6-stages-of-the-communication-cycle-are-obtain-or-giving-thoughts-noting-body. [Available from: 22nd January 2014] AntiEssays.com. (2014) [Online] http://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/325901.html. [Available from: 22nd January 2014]